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This article's multimedia enhancements are given below. Each file carries a brief description and is also referred to at appropriate places in the main text of the article.
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Video 1. (9.5 MB, MPG) This movie shows dynamic crystal assembly as the electric field is altered in nine stages. The field strength is a constant 36 kVrms m-1 , however the field nature changes every 10 seconds as indicated in the 9 stages. Stages 5, 7 and 8 correspond to rotating electric fields, whereas the other active stages correspond to alternating fields. This video is the source for the lower row of images in figure 2.
Stage 1 (0 – 1 second): Electric field off
Stage 2 (1 – 11 seconds): Only signal amplifier 2 is operating.
Stage 3 (11 – 21 seconds): Only signal amplifier 1 is operating.
Stage 4 (21 – 31 seconds): Both signal amplifiers operating with a phase shift of 0°
Stage 5 (31 – 41 seconds): Both signal amplifiers operating with a phase shift of 90°
Stage 6 (41 – 51 seconds): Both signal amplifiers operating with a phase shift of 180°
Stage 7 (51 – 61 seconds): Both signal amplifiers operating with a phase shift of 270°
Stage 8 (61 – 71 seconds): Both signal amplifiers operating with a phase shift of 90° or 270°, alternating every cycle
Stage 9 (71 seconds – end): Electric field off.
Video 2. (9.8 MB, MPG) This movie shows diffraction of white light (see figure 1©) caused by colloidal crystals, which are dynamically changing as the electric field is altered in nine stages. The field strength and sequence is the same as for video 1. This video is the source for the middle row of images in figure 2.
Video 3. (9.8 MB, MPG) This movie shows patterns generated by a 531 nm laser source (see figure 1(b)) as it is diffracted by colloidal crystals, which are dynamically changing as the electric field is altered in nine stages. The field strength and sequence is the same as for video 1. This video is the source for the upper row of images in figure 2.
Video 4. (5 MB, MPG) This movie shows the dynamic and reversible changes in lattice spacing within 2D HCP crystals as the field intensity is alternated beween 20 and 81 kVrms m-1 . Crystal rotation is prevented by alternating the relative phase shift between 90° and 270° every cycle. The sequence of field strengths is given below. This video is the source for the lower row of images in figure 4.
Stage 1 (0 – 2 seconds): Field intensity 20 kVrms m-1
Stage 2 (2 – 12 seconds): Field intensity 81 kVrms m-1
Stage 3 (12 – 22 seconds): Field intensity 20 kVrms m-1
Stage 4 (22 – 32 seconds): Field intensity 81 kVrms m-1
Stage 5 (32 seconds – end): Electric field off.
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