Observation of a kilogram-scale oscillator near its quantum ground state

doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/073032

Observation of a kilogram-scale oscillator near its quantum ground state

B Abbott et al 2009 New J. Phys. 11 073032 (13pp) doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/073032

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B Abbott¹, R Abbott¹, R Adhikari¹, P Ajith², B Allen^2,3, G Allen⁴, R Amin⁵, S B Anderson¹, W G Anderson³, M A Arain⁶, M Araya¹, H Armandula¹, P Armor³, Y Aso⁷, S Aston⁸, P Aufmuth⁹, C Aulbert², S Babak¹⁰, S Ballmer¹, H Bantilan¹¹, B C Barish¹, C Barker¹², D Barker¹², B Barr¹³, P Barriga¹⁴, M A Barton¹³, M Bastarrika¹³, K Bayer¹⁵, J Betzwieser¹, P T Beyersdorf¹⁶, I A Bilenko¹⁷, G Billingsley¹, R Biswas³, E Black¹, K Blackburn¹, L Blackburn¹⁵, D Blair¹⁴, B Bland¹², T P Bodiya¹⁵, L Bogue¹⁸, R Bork¹, V Boschi¹, S Bose¹⁹, P R Brady³, V B Braginsky¹⁷, J E Brau²⁰, M Brinkmann², A Brooks¹, D A Brown²¹, G Brunet¹⁵, A Bullington⁴, A Buonanno²², O Burmeister², R L Byer⁴, L Cadonati²³, G Cagnoli¹³, J B Camp²⁴, J Cannizzo²⁴, K Cannon¹, J Cao¹⁵, L Cardenas¹, T Casebolt⁴, G Castaldi²⁵, C Cepeda¹, E Chalkley¹³, P Charlton²⁶, S Chatterji¹, S Chelkowski⁸, Y Chen^10,27, N Christensen¹¹, D Clark⁴, J Clark¹³, T Cokelaer²⁸, R Conte²⁹, D Cook¹², T Corbitt^15,56, D Coyne¹, J D E Creighton³, A Cumming¹³, L Cunningham¹³, R M Cutler⁸, J Dalrymple²¹, S Danilishin¹⁷, K Danzmann^2,9, G Davies²⁸, D DeBra⁴, J Degallaix¹⁰, M Degree⁴, V Dergachev³⁰, S Desai³¹, R DeSalvo¹, S Dhurandhar³², M Díaz³³, J Dickson³⁴, A Dietz²⁸, F Donovan¹⁵, K L Dooley⁶, E E Doomes³⁵, R W P Drever³⁶, I Duke¹⁵, J-C Dumas¹⁴, R J Dupuis¹, J G Dwyer⁷, C Echols¹, A Effler¹², P Ehrens¹, E Espinoza¹, T Etzel¹, T Evans¹⁸, S Fairhurst²⁸, Y Fan¹⁴, D Fazi¹, H Fehrmann², M M Fejer⁴, L S Finn³¹, K Flasch³, N Fotopoulos³, A Freise⁸, R Frey²⁰, T Fricke^1,37, P Fritschel¹⁵, V V Frolov¹⁸, M Fyffe¹⁸, J Garofoli¹², I Gholami¹⁰, J A Giaime^5,18, S Giampanis³⁷, K D Giardina¹⁸, K Goda¹⁵, E Goetz³⁰, L Goggin¹, G González⁵, S Gossler², R Gouaty⁵, A Grant¹³, S Gras¹⁴, C Gray¹², M Gray³⁴, R J S Greenhalgh³⁸, A M Gretarsson³⁹, F Grimaldi¹⁵, R Grosso³³, H Grote², S Grunewald¹⁰, M Guenther¹², E K Gustafson¹, R Gustafson³⁰, B Hage⁹, J M Hallam⁸, D Hammer³, C Hanna⁵, J Hanson¹⁸, J Harms², G Harry¹⁵, E Harstad²⁰, K Hayama³³, T Hayler³⁸, J Heefner¹, I S Heng¹³, M Hennessy⁴, A Heptonstall¹³, M Hewitson², S Hild⁸, E Hirose²¹, D Hoak¹⁸, D Hosken⁴⁰, J Hough¹³, S H Huttner¹³, D Ingram¹², M Ito²⁰, A Ivanov¹, B Johnson¹², W W Johnson⁵, D I Jones⁴¹, G Jones²⁸, R Jones¹³, L Ju¹⁴, P Kalmus⁷, V Kalogera⁴², S Kamat⁷, J Kanner²², D Kasprzyk⁸, E Katsavounidis¹⁵, K Kawabe¹², S Kawamura⁴³, F Kawazoe⁴³, W Kells¹, D G Keppel¹, F Ya Khalili¹⁷, R Khan⁷, E Khazanov⁴⁴, C Kim⁴², P King¹, J S Kissel⁵, S Klimenko⁶, K Kokeyama⁴³, V Kondrashov¹, R K Kopparapu³¹, D Kozak¹, I Kozhevatov⁴⁴, B Krishnan¹⁰, P Kwee⁹, P K Lam³⁴, M Landry¹², M M Lang³¹, B Lantz⁴, A Lazzarini¹, M Lei¹, N Leindecker⁴, V Leonhardt⁴³, I Leonor²⁰, K Libbrecht¹, H Lin⁶, P Lindquist¹, N A Lockerbie⁴⁵, D Lodhia⁸, M Lormand¹⁸, P Lu⁴, M Lubinski¹², A Lucianetti⁶, H Lück^2,9, B Machenschalk², M MacInnis¹⁵, M Mageswaran¹, K Mailand¹, V Mandic⁴⁶, S Márka⁷, Z Márka⁷, A Markosyan⁴, J Markowitz¹⁵, E Maros¹, I Martin¹³, R M Martin⁶, J N Marx¹, K Mason¹⁵, F Matichard⁵, L Matone⁷, R Matzner⁴⁷, N Mavalvala¹⁵, R McCarthy¹², D E McClelland³⁴, S C McGuire³⁵, M McHugh⁴⁸, G McIntyre¹, G McIvor⁴⁷, D McKechan²⁸, K McKenzie³⁴, T Meier⁹, A Melissinos³⁷, G Mendell¹², R A Mercer⁶, S Meshkov¹, C J Messenger², D Meyers¹, H Miao¹⁴, J Miller^1,13, J Minelli³¹, S Mitra³², V P Mitrofanov¹⁷, G Mitselmakher⁶, R Mittleman¹⁵, O Miyakawa¹, B Moe³, S Mohanty³³, G Moreno¹², K Mossavi², C Mow-Lowry³⁴, G Mueller⁶, S Mukherjee³³, H Mukhopadhyay³², H Müller-Ebhardt², J Munch⁴⁰, P Murray¹³, E Myers¹², J Myers¹², T Nash¹, J Nelson¹³, G Newton¹³, A Nishizawa⁴³, K Numata²⁴, J O'Dell³⁸, G Ogin¹, B O'Reilly¹⁸, R O'Shaughnessy³¹, D J Ottaway¹⁵, R S Ottens⁶, H Overmier¹⁸, B J Owen³¹, Y Pan²², C Pankow⁶, M A Papa^3,10, V Parameshwaraiah¹², P Patel¹, M Pedraza¹, S Penn⁴⁹, A Perreca⁸, T Petrie³¹, I M Pinto²⁵, M Pitkin¹³, H J Pletsch², M V Plissi¹³, F Postiglione²⁹, M Principe²⁵, R Prix², V Quetschke⁶, F Raab¹², D S Rabeling³⁴, H Radkins¹², N Rainer², M Rakhmanov⁵⁰, M Ramsunder³¹, H Rehbein², S Reid¹³, D H Reitze⁶, R Riesen¹⁸, K Riles³⁰, B Rivera¹², N A Robertson^1,13, C Robinson²⁸, E L Robinson⁸, S Roddy¹⁸, A Rodriguez⁵, A M Rogan¹⁹, J Rollins⁷, J D Romano³³, J Romie¹⁸, R Route⁴, S Rowan¹³, A Rüdiger², L Ruet¹⁵, P Russell¹, K Ryan¹², S Sakata⁴³, M Samidi¹, L Sancho de la Jordana⁵¹, V Sandberg¹², V Sannibale¹, S Saraf⁵², P Sarin¹⁵, B S Sathyaprakash²⁸, S Sato⁴³, P R Saulson²¹, R Savage¹², P Savov²⁷, S W Schediwy¹⁴, R Schilling², R Schnabel², R Schofield²⁰, B F Schutz^10,28, P Schwinberg¹², S M Scott³⁴, A C Searle³⁴, B Sears¹, F Seifert², D Sellers¹⁸, A S Sengupta¹, P Shawhan²², D H Shoemaker¹⁵, A Sibley¹⁸, X Siemens³, D Sigg¹², S Sinha⁴, A M Sintes^10,51, B J J Slagmolen³⁴, J Slutsky⁵, J R Smith²¹, M R Smith¹, N D Smith¹⁵, K Somiya^2,10, B Sorazu¹³, L C Stein¹⁵, A Stochino¹, R Stone³³, K A Strain¹³, D M Strom²⁰, A Stuver¹⁸, T Z Summerscales⁵³, K-X Sun⁴, M Sung⁵, P J Sutton²⁸, H Takahashi¹⁰, D B Tanner⁶, R Taylor¹, R Taylor¹³, J Thacker¹⁸, K A Thorne³¹, K S Thorne²⁷, A Thüring⁹, K V Tokmakov¹³, C Torres¹⁸, C Torrie¹³, G Traylor¹⁸, M Trias⁵¹, W Tyler¹, D Ugolini⁵⁴, J Ulmen⁴, K Urbanek⁴, H Vahlbruch⁹, C Van Den Broeck²⁸, M van der Sluys⁴², S Vass¹, R Vaulin³, A Vecchio⁸, J Veitch⁸, P Veitch⁴⁰, A Villar¹, C Vorvick¹², S P Vyatchanin¹⁷, S J Waldman¹, L Wallace¹, H Ward¹³, R Ward¹, M Weinert², A Weinstein¹, R Weiss¹⁵, S Wen⁵, K Wette³⁴, J T Whelan¹⁰, S E Whitcomb¹, B F Whiting⁶, C Wilkinson¹², P A Willems¹, H R Williams³¹, L Williams⁶, B Willke^2,9, I Wilmut³⁸, W Winkler², C C Wipf¹⁵, A G Wiseman³, G Woan¹³, R Wooley¹⁸, J Worden¹², W Wu⁶, I Yakushin¹⁸, H Yamamoto¹, Z Yan¹⁴, S Yoshida⁵⁰, M Zanolin³⁹, J Zhang³⁰, L Zhang¹, C Zhao¹⁴, N Zotov⁵⁵, M Zucker¹⁵ and J Zweizig¹ (LIGO Scientific Collaboration)
¹ LIGO—California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
² Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
³ University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
⁴ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
⁵ Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
⁶ University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
⁷ Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
⁸ University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
⁹ Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁰ Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany
¹¹ Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
¹² LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
¹³ University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
¹⁴ University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
¹⁵ LIGO—Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
¹⁶ San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
¹⁷ Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
¹⁸ LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
¹⁹ Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
²⁰ University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
²¹ Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
²² University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
²³ University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
²⁴ NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
²⁵ University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
²⁶ Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
²⁷ Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
²⁸ Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
²⁹ University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
³⁰ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
³¹ The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
³² Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune-411007, India
³³ The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
³⁴ Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia
³⁵ Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
³⁶ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
³⁷ University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
³⁸ Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
³⁹ Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA
⁴⁰ University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
⁴¹ University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
⁴² Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
⁴³ National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
⁴⁴ Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
⁴⁵ University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
⁴⁶ University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
⁴⁷ The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
⁴⁸ Loyola University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
⁴⁹ Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
⁵⁰ Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
⁵¹ Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
⁵² Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
⁵³ Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104 USA
⁵⁴ Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
⁵⁵ Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
⁵⁶ Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: tcorbitt@ligo.mit.edu

Abstract. We introduce a novel cooling technique capable of approaching the quantum ground state of a kilogram-scale system—an interferometric gravitational wave detector. The detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) operate within a factor of 10 of the standard quantum limit (SQL), providing a displacement sensitivity of 10⁻¹⁸ m in a 100 Hz band centered on 150 Hz. With a new feedback strategy, we dynamically shift the resonant frequency of a 2.7 kg pendulum mode to lie within this optimal band, where its effective temperature falls as low as 1.4 μK, and its occupation number reaches about 200 quanta. This work shows how the exquisite sensitivity necessary to detect gravitational waves can be made available to probe the validity of quantum mechanics on an enormous mass scale.

Received 20 February 2009
Published 16 July 2009

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Observation of a kilogram-scale oscillator near its quantum ground state

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